The Medical Journal of Basrah University

Introduction

Hemoglobinopathies are one of the most common autosomal recessive disorders worldwide; ¹ mainly present in two patterns, either qualitative disorders (HbS) in which valine replacing glutamine in the 6th position of Beta chain, or quantitative (reduction or deletion) of either Alpha or Beta chain. ² This results in abnormal hemoglobin molecule which is the cause of chronic suffering of the patient. Hemoglobin S-Beta-thalassemia which results from carrying the genes of both thalassemia and sickle cell disease may present with severe form of disease than either alone. ³ The treatment of hemoglobinopathic patients constitutes a worldwide concern and thalassemia became a disease of international importance due to travelling and immigration of people. Early and regular blood transfusion and iron chelation have made a dramatic increase in survival of thalassemic patients to adulthood. These patients may need surgical treatment so that surgeons and anesthetists have to be familiar with the physiological abnormalities and the high possibility of perioperative complications. ⁴ The incidence of cholelithiasis differs in different types of hemoglobinopathies; 4-85% in sickle cell anemia, 29% in Sickle Cell trait, 12% in Hemoglobin S-Beta-thalassemia disease and 30- > 80% in β-thalassaemia Major. ⁵ Hemoglobinopathies are worldwide disease. More than 30 million people from 163 countries suffer from sickle cell disease (SCD). ⁶ About 1.5% of the world population are carriers of Beta-thalassemias. New surveys stated that 300,000-400,000 babies are found to have a serious hemoglobin disorder yearly. ⁷ In Arab countries, Beta thalassemia carrier rates are 1-11%. ² In Iraq; hemoglobinopathies are still considered as a challenge. In Basrah, Beta thalassemia carriers are 4.6% of the population, ² while the prevalence of sickle cell disease is 16%. ⁸ Hemoglobinopathic patients may require surgeries during their lifetime and general anesthesia for these patients is a risky procedure; so specific pre, intra and postoperative measures should be taken like avoidance of hypoxia, adequate hydration, temperature control and correction of anemia. Cholecystectomy is one the most frequent surgical procedures needed for these patients. This study spots the light on the perioperative facts and events of a spectrum of inherited diseases of hemoglobin in comparison with persons with normal hemoglobin.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This record-based comparative study was conducted in two tertiary hospitals in Basrah/Iraq, Al Sadr Teaching Hospital and Al Fayha Teaching Hospital. Two hundred and ten patients were included in the study; 62 patients were cases of hemoglobinopathy and 148 were patients with normal hemoglobin from January 2012 till January 2019. Matching of the two groups had been done regarding age and gender. Indications of surgery were chronic calculous cholecystitis and biliary colic. Patients with acute cholecystitis, obstructive jaundice and those with severe comorbid disease making them unfit for general anesthesia were excluded from the study. Hemoglobinopathic patients were diagnosed by hemoglobin electrophoresis. They were investigated by doing blood count, liver function, bleeding profile, blood sugar, renal function screening for hepatitis and HIV, electrocardiography, chest x-rays and abdominal ultrasonography. Echocardiography and respiratory function test were done whenever necessary. After outpatient assessment, all patients were admitted one day before surgery except those with hemoglobin level less than 9 g/dl. These cases were admitted earlier for blood transfusion. On admission they were rehydrated by intravenous fluids (1000-1500 ml of 4% DW in 0.18 NS in the evening before surgery) and they received prophylactic antibiotics. All subjected to general anesthesia. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was achieved by classical four ports method. Operative time was recorded from primary port entrance to wound closure. Critical view of safety was the method of gall bladder dissection. Drain tube was inserted whenever indicated. Post operatively, patients were managed in the surgical wards (few cases were admitted to the intensive care unit), they received intravenous fluids, antibiotics and analgesia. They were discharged home when they were fully ambulated and started oral diet. Postoperative follow up was extended for three weeks. The study was approved by the ethical committee of The College of Medicine / University of Basrah. Data were analyzed by the use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23 using X2 test or Fisher Exact Test. P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

The total number of the studied patients was 210, 62 of them had hemoglobinopathy and 148 had normal hemoglobin. Male: female ratio was 1:3.6, mean age was 30.6 years (± 8.58). Both were comparable regarding age and gender (Table-1). Hemoglobin S- Beta-Thalassemia disease constitutes the biggest group of the studied hemoglobinopathic patients (29 cases) (46.8%), followed by patients with sickle cell disease (16 cases) (25.8%). Eight hemoglobinopathic patients had sickle cell trait (12.9%), 4 cases had beta thalassemia minor (6.5%), three had beta thalassemia major (4.8%) and two had alpha thalassemia major (3.2%).

Viral markers for hepatitis B were positive in 3.2% of hemoglobinopathic patients and those for Hepatitis C were positive in 6.5%, the difference was statistically significant for hepatitis C only. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding indication for surgery while there was significant difference between the two groups regarding mean level of hemoglobin and total serum bilirubin and preoperative blood transfusion, (Table-2).

The comparison of intraoperative events showed a higher rate of use of drains in hemoglobinopathic patients and the difference was significant; however there was no significant difference in the mean operative time or the conversion rate (Table-3).

(Table-4), describes the post-operative complications and hospital stay. There was no significant difference in occurrence of complications between the two groups except for acute chest syndrome, joint pain, hemolysis and chest pain, they occurred more frequently in hemoglobinopathic patients. There was a significant difference in the overall complication rate between the two groups. The mean hospital stay was significantly longer for hemoglobinopathic Patients than that for patients with normal hemoglobin.

Postoperative Complications of hemoglobinopathic patients:

Out of 62 hemoglobinopathic patients, 35 developed different postoperative complications (The overall complication rate is 56.5%). Joint pain occurred in 10 patients, it occurred in the group of patients with sickle cell trait, sickle cell disease and hemoglobin S- Beta-Thalassemia disease equally (3 cases in each group), and one case in Beta thalassemia major group. The three cases who developed acute chest syndrome were patients with sickle cell disease. Three patients developed hemolysis, one of them had sickle cell disease, the second had sickle cell trait and the third had Hemoglobin S- Beta-thalassemia disease. Four patients developed chest pain, another 4 developed diffuse abdominal pain and six patients developed respiratory complications (atelectasis or bronchitis).

Discussion

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a well-known procedure for treatment of gall stone disease in patients with normal hemoglobin, ⁹ but in hemoglobinopathic patients, there is still some debate about safety and feasibility of this procedure. ^{10 , 11} Preparation of hemoglobinopathic patients for surgery is quite different: anemia is common because of hemolysis, immunity is compromised and they are liable for vaso- occlusive crisis. Due to the improvement in medical care, patients survive to adulthood therefore facing complications of the disease. Optimum preoperative hemoglobin level and necessity for preoperative transfusion to decrease perioperative morbidity and mortality is still a controversial issue and surgeons should be aware about history of previous transfusions which may indicate the possibility of iron deposition sequelae. In a multicenter study that was done by Vichinsky et al which included 604 patients with sickle cell anemia who underwent different operative procedures, more than one third of them underwent cholecystectomy they found that there is no difference between aggressive and conservative transfusion regimens. ¹² In a retrospective study that had been done in Bahrain on 85 patients with sickle cell disease who underwent different surgeries, they compared the impact of exchange transfusion against simple transfusion and non-transfusion. They found no superiority of exchange transfusion in preventing postoperative sickle cell related complications, ¹³ while Maigatari, et al found that preoperative transfusion decreases the risk of postoperative sickle related complications in low and medium risk surgical procedures. ¹⁴ Vaso-occlusive crisis is the leading cause of readmission for patients with sickle cell anemia is characterized by painful episodes mainly involving bones and joints and abdomen. It is ischemic pain due to precipitation of sickle cells in the microvasculature. The goal of treatment is adequate hydration, analgesia, and blood transfusion. ¹⁵ In our study, vaso-occlusive crisis which is presented by bone pain, joint pain and backache was the commonest complication; it occurred in 9 patients (14.5%) postoperatively in spite of adequate pre and intra-operative hydration. All were managed by intravenous fluids and analgesia and improved within 1-2 days. Respiratory complications (atelectasis and bronchitis) were the second most common complication in hemoglobinopathic patients in our series (9.7%). These complications are the most frequent post-operative sequel in a study done by Meshikhes, et al in Saudi Arabia from October 1992 to December 1996, happened in 6 out of 10 patients who developed post-operative complications. ¹⁶ Restrictive lung diseases is the usual respiratory abnormality in beta thalassemia major. ¹⁷ In addition lung fibrosis and interstitial edema that attributed to iron overload have been considered as causes of restrictive pattern, ¹⁸ furthermore anesthetic difficulties and susceptibility to infection are added causes. Acute chest syndrome occurred in (4.8%) of our series of hemoglobinopathic patients especially in patients with sickle cell disease and this was significantly different from patients with normal hemoglobin. All were managed successfully in the intensive care unit. This is consistent with the findings of a retrospective study on patients with sickle cell disease who underwent cholecystectomy, the study achieved in France and published in 2008. This study found a higher mortality after laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy in patients with sickle cell disease due to a higher rate of occurrence of acute chest syndrome in laparoscopic group (8.5 % Vs. 1.1%). ¹⁹ Acute chest syndrome is a common cause of postoperative death in sickle cell disease patients characterized by fever, dyspnea, cough and chest pain with new lung infiltration on chest radiograph after exclusion of atelectasis. ²⁰ Hemolysis is a well-known complication of sickle cell disease. Three cases (4.8%) presented with hemolysis post operatively: pallor, tea colored urine and reduction of hemoglobin level below 9 g/dl. One with sickle cell disease, one with sickle trait and one with sickle cell beta thalassemia. All were managed successfully with RBCs transfusion and discharged well. In our study, preoperatively, a number of hemoglobinopathic patients are found to have viral hepatitis B (3.2%) or hepatitis C (6.5%), so the medical staff should be aware of exposure to a risk of transmission of viral hepatitis as these patients had acquired the infection from previous transfusions. ⁴ A surprising high rate (67.3%) of positive hepatitis C virus antibodies was reported in Iraqi study published at 2006 in thalassemic patients with a history of repeated transfusions. ²¹ The mean operative time was 42.73 min for hemoglobinopathic patients and 38.22 min for patients with normal hemoglobin. In other two studies Dan et al and Diarra et al, the mean operative time for patients with sickle cell anemia was 27.9 and 71.4 minutes respectively. Rachid, et al reported a mean operative time of 64 minutes for patients with sickle cell disease. ^{19 , 22 , 23} Conversion to open cholecystectomy occurred in 2 hemoglobinopathic patients (3.2%) due to limited operative field in relation to big liver and spleen and difficulty to reach an dissect the triangle of Callot .In the normal Hemoglobin variant group, 2(1.4%) cases were converted to open cholecystectomy. In both cases difficulty to dissect in Callots triangle because of fibrosis and scarring was the cause of conversion. A similar conversion rate (4.2%) was recorded by Sani Rachid in Niger in a study published at 2009. ²³ However Dan , et al recorded no conversion in a series of 19 patients with sickle cell disease. ²² In our study, abdominal drains were used whenever necessary especially in cases of bleeding and/or difficult dissection in Callots triangle or in liver bed. Drains had been used in approximately half of hemoglobinopathic patients and this was significantly higher than the control group for two reasons: firstly, because of difficult dissection in the presence of hepatosplenomegaly in thalassemic patients and secondly because most hemoglobinopathic patients in the early post-operative period are already jaundiced, tachycardiac owing to hyperdynamic circulation, they have pallor and abdominal pain, so the anticipation of major postoperative complications like bleeding and biliary injury are difficult to diagnose clinically in the presence of these features. The use of drains in laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a matter of debate till now, in a study done by Gurusamy et al, they analyzed the results of six trials involving 741 patients and concluded that drains increase hospital stay and the rate of wound infection. ²⁴ The mean hospital stay differs in different studies, for Dan et al study it was 2.5 days, Diarra, et al 7.7 days for patients with sickle cell disease, while for Rachid et al, the mean hospital stay was 3.5 days. ^{19 , 22 , 23} In our study the mean hospital stay was 2.27 days, it was significantly longer than the that of patients with normal hemoglobin variant (1.3 days)

In a study done by Leandros et al comparing laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy for patients with sickle cell disease. Complications occurred in 5% of laparoscopy group and 20% of open group, the conversion rate was 5%. ²⁵ In Sri Lanka, a retrospective case control study had been done on 450 patients; they found a higher perioperative complication in thalassemic compared with non thalassemic patients. ¹¹

Conclusion

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is relatively safe in well prepared hemoglobinopathic patients but it is associated with significantly higher rate of disease related complications, namely acute chest syndrome, hemolysis and vaso-occlusive crises.

Hemoglobinopathic patients require special pre, intra and post-operative care which should be offered by the surgeon, the physician and the anesthetist

References

1. Sanctis VD, Kattamis C, Canatan D, Soliman AT, Elsedfy H, Karimi M,et al. β-Thalassemia Distribution in the Old World: an Ancient Disease Seen from a Historical Standpoint. Mediterr J. Hematol Infect Dis. 2017; 9(1): e2017018.
2. Hamamy HA, Al-Alawi NAS. Epidemiological profile of common haemoglobinopathies in Arab countries. J Community Genet. 2013 Apr; 4(2): 147–167.
3. Wilson M, Forsyth P, Whiteside J. Haemoglobinopathy and sickle cell disease. Continuing education in anaesthesia Critical care and pain 2010; 10(1): 24-28.
4. Staikou, C, Stavriolakis, E,   Karmaniolou, I. A narrative review of Per-operative management of patients with thalassemia. Anesthesia 2014, 69: 494-510.
5. Abdullah UYH, Jassim H M, Baig A A, et al. Gallstones in patients with inherited hemolytic diseases. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacetical Sciences Volume 7, Issue 7, 2015.
6. Adjepong KO, Otegbeye F, Adjepong YA. Perioperative management of sickle cell disease. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2018; 10(1): e2018032.
7. Kountouris P, Lederer CW, Fanis P, Feleki X, Old J, Kleenthous M. IthaGene: An interactive database for hemoglobin variations and epidemiology. PLoS one 2014; 9(7):e1030.
8. Alkasab FM, Al-Alusi FA, Adnani MS, Alkafajei AM, Al-Shakerchi NH, Noori SF. The prevalence of sickle cell disease in Abu-AL-Khasib district of southern. Iraq J Trop Med Hyg 1981; 84(2):77-80.
9. Ansaloni L,Pisano M,Coccolini F et al. 2016 WSES guidelines on acute calculous cholecystitis. World J Emerg Surg 2016, 11:25.
10. Al-Mulhim AS, Al-Mulhim AA. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 427 adults with sickle cell disease: A single-center experience. Surg Endosc 2009, 23:1599-1602.
11. Anuja P., et al. Place for elective cholecystectomy for patients with severe thalassaemia: a retrospective case control study. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:245.
12. Vichinsky EP, et al. A comparison of conservative and aggressive transfusion regimens in the perioperative management of sickle cell disease. The Preoperative Transfusion in Sickle Cell Disease Study Group. N Engl J Med.1995.
13. Al-Samak ZM,Al-Falaki MM,Pasha AA. Assessment of perioperative transfusion therapy and complications in sickle cell disease patients undergoing surgery. Middle East J. Anaesthesiol 2008; 19(5):983-995.
14. Maigatari DM, Abdulrasheed I, Lawal DI, Hassan A, Augustine B, Muhammad PK. Preoperative blood transfusion in adults with sickle cell disease undergoing elective surgical procedures: A survey of practice and outcome in Zaria, Nigeria. Arch Int Surg 2017; 7: 17-21.)
15. Yale S, Nagib N, Guthrie T. Approach to Vaso-occclusive Crisis in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease. Am Fam Physician 2000; 16 (5):1349-1356.  
16. Meshikhes AWN, Al-Abkari HA, Al-Faraj AA, Al-Dhrais SA, Al-Saif O. The Safety of laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Sickle Cell Disease: An Update. Annals of Saudi Medicine 1998; 18:12-14.
17. Tai DY, Wang YT, Lou J, Wang WY, Mak KH, Cheng HK. Lungs in thalassemia major patients receiving regular transfusion. European Respiratory Journal 1996; 9:1389-1394.
18. Carnelli V, D'Angelo E, Pecchiari M, Ligorio M, D'Angelo E. Pulmonary Dysfunction in Transfusion Dependent Patients with Thalassemia Major. Am J Respir Crit Care Med2003;168:180-184.
19. Meshikhes AW. Comment on cholecystectomy in sickle cell disease patients: is there more acute chest syndrome after laparoscopy? A case controlled study. International Journal of Surgery 2008; 6:422-423.
20. Ruhl AP, Sadreameli SC, Allen JL,Bennett DP,Campbell AD,Coates TD. Identifying Clinical and Research Priorities in Sickle Cell Lung Disease. An  Official American Thoracic Society Worshop Report. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019; 16(9): e17-e32.
21. Al-Kubaisy WA1, Al-Naib KT, Habib M. Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus specific antibodies among Iraqi children with thalassaemia. East Mediterr Health J 2006 12(1-2):204-210.Dan D, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in sickle cell disease patients :Does operating time matter? Int J Srg. 2009
22. Rachid S, Diddier LJ, Bade MA, Chaibou Sani CM, Habibou A. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in sickle cell patients in Niger. Pan Afr Med J, 2009; 3:19.
23. Gurusamy KS, Samraj K, Mullerat P, Davidson BR. Routine abdominal drainage for uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 Oct 17; (4):CD006004.
24. Leandros E, ymionis GD, Konstadoulakis MM, Albanopoulos K, Dmitrakis K, Gomatos I, et al. .Laparoscopc or open cholecystectomy in patients with sickle cell disease:which approach is superior? Eur J Surg. 2000; 166(11):856-861.

• Article View: 194
• PDF Download: 126